adjustment costs การใช้

• However, who is going to bear adjustment costs in the short term?
• There are large short-term adjustment costs to be borne, which may generate social tensions.
• Last year, the cost of reserving for Latin American banks was a one-shot structural adjustment cost,
• Generally adjustment costs or distribution effects are thought to be small if the MIIT index is high.
• This will result in slower adjustment costs to regional economic shocks which can result in higher unemployment.
• John A . Lee later claimed that this adjustment cost him his Auckland East seat in the.
• The immediate challenge for government is to maximize the beneficial effects and minimize the adjustment costs of the peso depreciation,
• However, the restructuring and adjustment costs required to prevent the collapse of local industries, particularly in developing countries, is a global concern.
• The equations in the Smets-Wouters model describe the choices of three types of sticky prices and wages, and adjustment costs in investment.
• It is further assumed that capital can shift easily into either technology, so that the industrial mix can change without adjustment costs between the two types of production.
• The high cost of natural gas, which is burned in most of the utility's generators, is forcing the utility to raise its current $ 12 per 1, 000 kwh fuel adjustment cost.
• Some workers will need to change jobs, but they constitute a small fraction of normal job churn in any given year, and the national benefits argue for generous compensation for their adjustment costs.
• "Small businesses are taking the switch very badly, because they have to pay for the adjustment costs themselves, " said Beatrice Brisson, a spokeswoman for the CGPME, or Confederation Generale des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises.
• The adjustment costs for the United States would be minimal : production in the most impacted sector, dairy products, would decline by only 0.5 percent and any adverse effect on jobs would be very small.
• The concept is thought to be useful for ascertaining the amount of adjustment costs associated with changing trade flows or the degree to which changes in trade might be responsible for changes in the distribution of income.
• The International Labour Organization ( ILO ) states that workers bore high adjustment costs such as unemployment, lower wage during transition, obsolescence of skills, training costs, and personal costs ( e . g . mental suffering ).
• The report, nevertheless, urged government to respond to the short term adjustment costs related to the effects of the peso's depreciation, likely occur in the coming year, such as higher inflation, slowdown in growth, corporate failures, financial sector correction and strain on the government's budget.
• Then the flow of net investment per unit of time is determined by balancing losses from having a less-than-optimal level of capital with the adjustment costs of installing new capital; these adjustment costs in per-unit terms may be an increasing function of the speed of installation.
• Then the flow of net investment per unit of time is determined by balancing losses from having a less-than-optimal level of capital with the adjustment costs of installing new capital; these adjustment costs in per-unit terms may be an increasing function of the speed of installation.
• Among the most significant factors for efficiency losses from trade are " inaccurate prices " due to significant externalities that cause misidentification of comparative advantages, unstable international markets that create macro inefficiencies, and adjustment costs of moving people in and out of industries that can be considerable.